Difference between revisions of "Order of Judge Campora - 1993-05"
| [unchecked revision] | [unchecked revision] |
m |
m (→Background: correct typo) |
||
| Line 3: | Line 3: | ||
==Background== | ==Background== | ||
| − | This is the May [[1993]] order of Judge [[Julio Manuel Cámpora]] in the case [[Tribunal de Menores de Mercedes - Cause number 32.202]]. In this order, Cámpora ordered that the two minors presented to the Court on April 13, 1993 (in partial compliance with the Court's May [[1991]] order that all four minors be presented to the Court) be returned to their father in the [[United States]]. In an April [[2005]] e-mail message,<ref>*[[Image:Icon pdf.gif|PDF Icon]] [https://media.xfamily.org/docs/fam/misc/borowik-2005-04-19.pdf Email from Claire Borowik - 2005-04-19]</ref> [[Family International]] spokesperson [[Claire Borowik]] stated that "''the judge in Mercedes illegally had them sent to the States''," that "''they were technically not under the jurisdiction of a minors court''" and that "''technically they were no longer minors''." In the order, Cámpora specifically cites the applicable law (excerpted and partially translated in the [[#References|footnotes]] below) which support his decision and which make it absolutely clear that the vague legal arguments Borowik offered in defense of her and [[Stuart Baylin]]'s actions more than 12 years later (and which no party made at the time) have no merit and her arguments that Judge Cámpora acted unlawfully, that he did have not jurisdiction and that the Frouman children were not minors have no basis in fact or law. Although Cámpora's order was never appealed, it should also be noted that San Martin Federal | + | This is the May [[1993]] order of Judge [[Julio Manuel Cámpora]] in the case [[Tribunal de Menores de Mercedes - Cause number 32.202]]. In this order, Cámpora ordered that the two minors presented to the Court on April 13, 1993 (in partial compliance with the Court's May [[1991]] order that all four minors be presented to the Court) be returned to their father in the [[United States]]. In an April [[2005]] e-mail message,<ref>*[[Image:Icon pdf.gif|PDF Icon]] [https://media.xfamily.org/docs/fam/misc/borowik-2005-04-19.pdf Email from Claire Borowik - 2005-04-19]</ref> [[Family International]] spokesperson [[Claire Borowik]] stated that "''the judge in Mercedes illegally had them sent to the States''," that "''they were technically not under the jurisdiction of a minors court''" and that "''technically they were no longer minors''." In the order, Cámpora specifically cites the applicable law (excerpted and partially translated in the [[#References|footnotes]] below) which support his decision and which make it absolutely clear that the vague legal arguments Borowik offered in defense of her and [[Stuart Baylin]]'s actions more than 12 years later (and which no party made at the time) have no merit and her arguments that Judge Cámpora acted unlawfully, that he did have not jurisdiction and that the Frouman children were not minors have no basis in fact or law. Although Cámpora's order was never appealed, it should also be noted that San Martin Federal appellate judges Mansur and Prack stated in their December 13, 1993 opinion that Cámpora retained definitive jurisdiction over the Frouman case. <ref><font color=red>"''Pensar que esa referencia se relaciona con la desaparición de los hermanos Frouman es imposible, en tanto fue un hecho que se reservó expresamente el Sr. Juez de Menores de Mercedes...''"</font><br> |
"''To think that this reference is related to the disappearance of the Frouman brothers is impossible in that this was a case expressly reserved for the Judge of Minors of Mercedes...''" <br> | "''To think that this reference is related to the disappearance of the Frouman brothers is impossible in that this was a case expressly reserved for the Judge of Minors of Mercedes...''" <br> | ||
Revision as of 14:16, 15 July 2006
Editor's note: Some names have been partially redacted to protect individual privacy or for other reasons at the discretion of the editors of xFamily.org.
Background
This is the May 1993 order of Judge Julio Manuel Cámpora in the case Tribunal de Menores de Mercedes - Cause number 32.202. In this order, Cámpora ordered that the two minors presented to the Court on April 13, 1993 (in partial compliance with the Court's May 1991 order that all four minors be presented to the Court) be returned to their father in the United States. In an April 2005 e-mail message,[1] Family International spokesperson Claire Borowik stated that "the judge in Mercedes illegally had them sent to the States," that "they were technically not under the jurisdiction of a minors court" and that "technically they were no longer minors." In the order, Cámpora specifically cites the applicable law (excerpted and partially translated in the footnotes below) which support his decision and which make it absolutely clear that the vague legal arguments Borowik offered in defense of her and Stuart Baylin's actions more than 12 years later (and which no party made at the time) have no merit and her arguments that Judge Cámpora acted unlawfully, that he did have not jurisdiction and that the Frouman children were not minors have no basis in fact or law. Although Cámpora's order was never appealed, it should also be noted that San Martin Federal appellate judges Mansur and Prack stated in their December 13, 1993 opinion that Cámpora retained definitive jurisdiction over the Frouman case. [2]
Preliminary Translation
Note: This is a preliminary non-professional translation from the source language to English. If and when an improved and/or professional translation of this document becomes available, it will be added here. This translation is intended to give the reader a general understanding of the document's contents. It should not be relied upon or quoted as a definitive, official or professional translation. In case of any concern about its accuracy, please refer to the original and/or consult a professional translator. Corrections and suggestions for its improvement are welcome. Please see: Contributing Information
Scan of Order by Judge Campora (2 pages) — 1993-05[3]
PROVINCIA DE BUENOS AIRES
PROVINCE OF BUENOS AIRES
PODER JUDICIAL
JUDICIAL AUTHORITY
Mercedes,__________ mayo de 1993
Mercedes,___________ may of 1993
AUTOS Y VISTOS: el dictamen de la Señora Asesora de Incapaces producido con fecha 11 de mayo próximo pasado;
WHEREAS AND IN VIEW OF THE PRESENT PROCEEDINGS: the opinion of the Assesor of Incapables produced on the 11th of May;[4]
Y CONSIDERANDO: que el susodicho dictamen resume perfectamente la situación planteada en el "sub-examine" y que este Pretorio comparte -"in totum",haciéndolo suyo.
En consecuencia de conformidad con lo normado por los arts.1o,6,7,16,53,54,126,138,264 y cedtes. del Código Civil; arts. 1o,2 inc. a),10 inc.b), y cedtes de la ley 10.067;
AND CONSIDERING: that the above mentioned opinion perfectly summarizes the situation found in the "sub-examine" and which this Court shares – "in totum", making it its own. In conformity with the norms in articles 1,[5] 6,[6] 7,[7] 16,[8] 53,[9] 54,[10]126,[11] 138,[12] 264[13] and precedents of the Civil Code[14]; articles 1, [15] 2 (including a),[16] 10 (including b) [17] and precedents of law 10.067;[18]
Resuelvo;-- 1-colocar a los causantes EDF y DPF a disposición de la Señora Cónsul de los Estados Unidos de Norteamérica a los efectos que hubiere lugar,de conformidad al plantep formulado por el Sr. C.L. FROUMAN,progenitor de aquellos; a quien se le hará saber éste pronunciamiento por la vía diplomática correspondiente.- Al efecto practiqúense las
notificaciones del caso,—2-Dejar sin efecto las capturas que pesan sobre los susodichos menores. Líbrese la orden caso.---3-requerir de las autoridades de la Embajada de Estados Unidos de Norteamérica,con carácter urgente, informe a éste Tribunal destino de los menores, constancia de entrega de los mismoa,como así también de la notificación al progenitor de la presentedecisión.
I Resolve: -- 1. To place the causants EDF and DPF at the disposition of the Consul of the United States of Northamerica in conformity with the plan formulated by their father Mr. C.L. FROUMAN who shall be informed of this prouncement via the corresponding diplomatic channel. 2. to leave without effect the orders of capture for the above mentioned minors. 3. to require the authorities of the Embassy of the United States of America, to inform this Tribunal of the destination of the minors, the delivery of the same as well as notify the father of this decision.
Notifíquese.
It so ordered.
[signature]
PROVINCIA DE BUENOS AIRES
PROVINCE OF BUENOS AIRES
PODER JUDICIAL
JUDICIAL AUTHORITY
Mercedes,__________ mayo de 1993
Mercedes,___________ may of 1993
AUTOS Y VISTOS: En atención al informe que antecede disponese otorgar autorización suficiente a las autoridades pertinentes de la representación diplomática de los E.E.U.U.acreditada en nuestro pais para el traslado de los menores EDF y DPF en la forma que se indique a fin de satisfacer el interés legal del Sr.Cary Lewis Frouman, progenitor de aquellos. Oficiese.
WHEREAS AND IN VIEW OF THE PRESENT PROCEEDINGS: With attention to the preceding report, I give sufficient authorization to the accredited diplomatic representation of the U.S.A. in our country for the transfer of the minors EDF and DPF in the form indicated to satisfy the legal interest of their father, Mr. C.L. Frouman.
Se libro oficio conste.
It is so ordered. [signature]
References
- ↑ * Email from Claire Borowik - 2005-04-19
- ↑ "Pensar que esa referencia se relaciona con la desaparición de los hermanos Frouman es imposible, en tanto fue un hecho que se reservó expresamente el Sr. Juez de Menores de Mercedes..."
"To think that this reference is related to the disappearance of the Frouman brothers is impossible in that this was a case expressly reserved for the Judge of Minors of Mercedes..."
- Majority opinion of Federal Judges Horacio Enrique Prack and Alberto Mansur (127 pages, 280KB) — 1993-12-13 – The cited excerpt can be found on page 99 in the PDF and page 155 in the paper copy in the case file.
- ↑ The exact date in May 1993 on which the order was issued has not been determined because it was handwritten and not typed and the translator was not able to decipher the handwriting. However, it was apparently issued between May 12 and May 14 because it refers to a document dated May 11th and the younger of the two minors returned to the United States on May 14 and the older one returned on May 19, 1993.
- ↑ *Informe de Asesoria No. 2 — 1993-05-11
- ↑ Art.1.- Las leyes son obligatorias para todos los que habitan el territorio de la República, sean ciudadanos o extranjeros,
domiciliados o transeúntes.
Art. 1. - The laws are obligatory for all those who inhabit the territory of the Republic whether they are citizens or foreigners, residents or transients. - ↑ Art.6.- La capacidad o incapacidad de las personas domiciliadas en el territorio de la República, sean nacionales o extranjeras, será juzgada por las leyes de este Código, aun cuando se trate de actos ejecutados o de bienes existentes en país extranjero.
Art. 6. - The capacity or incapacity of persons domiciled in the territory of the Republic, whether they are nationals or foreigners, will be judged according to the laws of this Code, even when the issue involves acts executed in or property existent in a foreign country. - ↑ Art.7.- La capacidad o incapacidad de las personas domiciliadas
fuera del territorio de la República, será juzgada por las leyes de su respectivo domicilio, aun cuando se trate de actos ejecutados o de bienes existentes en la República.
Art. 7. - The capacity or incapacity of persons domiciled outside the territory of the Republic, shall be judged according to the laws of their respective domicile even when it involves acts executed in or property existent in the Republic. - ↑ Art.16.- Si una cuestión civil no puede resolverse, ni por las palabras, ni por el espíritu de la ley, se atenderá a los principios de leyes análogas; y si aún la cuestión fuere dudosa, se resolverá por los principios generales del derecho, teniendo en consideración las circunstancias del caso.
Art. 16. - If a civil question cannot be resolved by the word or spirit of the law, the principles of analagous laws shall be consulted and if the question remains doubtful, it shall be resolved by the general principles of rights, considering the circumstances of the case. - ↑ DE LAS PERSONAS DE EXISTENCIA VISIBLE
Regarding Persons of Visible Existence
Art.53.- Les son permitidos todos los actos y todos los derechos que no les fueren expresamente prohibidos, independientemente de su calidad de ciudadanos y de su capacidad política.
Art. 53. - Are permitted all the acts and all the rights which they are not expressly prohibited, independently of of their citizenship status and their political capacity.
- ↑ Art.54.- Tienen incapacidad absoluta:
Art. 54. - The following have absolute incapacity:
1ro. Las personas por nacer;
1st.The unborn;
2do. Los menores impúberes;
2nd. Minors under age 14; [1]
3ro. Los dementes;
3rd. The demented;
4to. Los sordomudos que no saben darse a entender por escrito;
4th. The deaf-mute who cannot write;
5to. Derogado por la ley 17.711.
5th. Repealed by law 17.711 - ↑
Art.126.- Son menores las personas que no hubieren cumplido la edad de veintiún años.
Art. 126. Minors are those persons who have not yet reached the age of 21 years. - ↑ Art.138.- El que mude su domicilio de un país extranjero al territorio de la República, y fuese mayor o menor emancipado, según las leyes de este Código, será considerado como tal, aun cuando sea menor o no emancipado, según las leyes de su domicilio anterior.
Art. 138. He who moves his domicile to a country foreign to the territory of the Republic and being an adult or emancipated minor, according to the laws of this Code, shall be considered as such, even when a minor or unemancipated according to the laws of his former domicile. - ↑ De la patria potestad
Regarding parental rights and responsibilities ["patria potestad"]
Art.264.- La patria potestad es el conjunto de deberes y derechos que corresponden a los padres sobre las personas y bienes de los hijos, para su protección y formación integral, desde la concepción de éstos y mientras sean menores de edad y no se hayan emancipado. Su ejercicio corresponde:
Art. 264. [Patria potestad] is the set of obligations and rights corresponding to parents over the person and property of their children, for their protection and development, from their ceonception and while they are are minors of age and have not been emancipated. Their excercise corresponds to:
1ro. En el caso de los hijos matrimoniales, al padre y a la madre conjuntamente, en tanto no estén separados o divorciados, o su matrimonio fuese anulado. Se presumirá que los actos realizados por uno de ellos cuenta con el consentimiento del otro, salvo en los supuestos contemplados en el art. 264, quater, o cuando mediare expresa oposición;
1st. In the case of matrimonial children, to the father and mother jointly, provided they are not separated or divorced or their marriage has been anulled. It is presumed that the acts of one of them is consented to by the other except in the circumstances contemplated by art. 264 [quater] or when the other expresses opposition;
2do. En caso de separación de hecho, separación personal, divorcio vincular o nulidad de matrimonio, al padre o madre que ejerza legalmente la tenencia, sin perjuicio del derecho del otro de tener adecuada comunicación con el hijo y de supervisar su educación;
2nd. In the case of actual separation, personal separation, divorce or nullity of the marriage, to the father or mother who lawfully exercises possession without prejudice to the rights of the other to have adequate communication with the child and supervise his education.
3ro. En caso de muerte de uno de los padres, ausencia con presunción de fallecimiento, privación de la patria potestad, o suspensión de su ejercicio, al otro;
3rd. In the case of the death of one of the parents, absence with the presumption of death, deprivation of "patria potestdad" or the suspension of its exercise, to the other;
4to. En el caso de los hijos extramatrimoniales, reconocidos por uno solo de los padres, a aquel que lo hubiere reconocido;
4th. In the case of extramarital children, recognized by only one of the parents, to the one who has recognized the child;
5to. En el caso de los hijos extramatrimoniales reconocidos por ambos padres, a ambos, si convivieren y en caso contrario, a aquel que tenga la guarda otorgada en forma convencional, o judicial, o reconocida mediante información sumaria;
5th. In the case of extramarital children recognized by both parents, to both, if they live together and if they do not, to the one who has the guardianship granted in conventional or judicial form or recognized by summary information;
6to. A quien fuese declarado judicialmente el padre o madre del hijo, si no hubiese sido voluntariamente reconocido.
6th. To one who has been judicially declared to be the father or mother of the child who has not been voluntarily recognized.
Art.264 bis.- Cuando ambos padres sean incapaces o estén privados de la patria potestad o suspendidos en su ejercicio los hijos menores quedarán sujetos a tutela. Si los padres de un hijo extramatrimonial fuesen menores no emancipados, se preferirá a quien ejerza la patria potestad sobre aquél de los progenitores que tenga al hijo bajo su amparo o cuidado, subsistiendo en tal caso esa tutela aun cuando el otro progenitor se emancipe o cumpla la mayoría de edad.
Art. 264 [bis]. - When both parents are incapable or have been deprived of "patria potestad" or its exercise has been suspended, their minor children remain subject to guardianship. If the parents of an extramarital child are unemancipated minors, the one who exercises "patria potestad" over the parent who has the child in his care is preferred, this guardianship surviving even when the other parent is emancipated or reaches the age of majority.
Art.264 ter.- En caso de desacuerdo entre el padre y la madre, cualquiera de ellos podrá acudir al juez competente, quien resolverá lo más conveniente para el interés del hijo, por el procedimiento más breve previsto por la ley local, previa audiencia de los padres con intervención del Ministerio Pupilar. El juez, podrá, aun de oficio, requerir toda la información que considere necesaria, y oír al menor, si éste tuviese suficiente juicio, y las circunstancias lo aconsejaren. Si los desacuerdos fueren reiterados o concurriere cualquier otra causa que entorpezca gravemente el ejercicio de la patria potestad, podrá atribuirlo total o parcialmente a uno de los padres o distribuir entre ellos sus funciones, por el plazo que fije, el que no podrá exceder de dos años.
Art. 264 [ter]. - In the case of a dispute between the father and mother, any one of them can present themselves to a competent (with jurisdiction) judge, who will resolve the dispute in in the child's best interests, for the most brief proceeding provided for by the local law, setting a preliminary audience with the parents with the intervention of the "Ministerio Pupilar" (child's legal guardian). The judge can officially require all the information considered necessary and hear the minor, if the minor has enough judgment and the circumstances warrant it. If the disputes are reiterated or there is any other cause which gravely obstructs the exercise of "patria potestad", he can give it to one parent in either complete or partial form or distribute its functions between them, for the term he sets which cannot exceed two years.
Art.264 quater.- En los casos de los incisos 1ro., 2do., y 5to. del art. 264, se requerirá el consentimiento expreso de ambos padres para los siguientes actos:
Art. 264 [quater]. - In the case of the first, second and fifth clauses of article 264, the express consent of both parents is required for the following acts:
1ro. Autorizar al hijo para contraer matrimonio;
1st. Authorize the child to marry;
2do. Habilitarlo;
2nd. [grant civil capacity or legal representation?]
3ro. Autorizarlo para ingresar a comunidades religiosas, fuerzas armadas o de seguridad;
3rd. Authorize the child to enter into religious communities, the armed or security forces;
4to. Autorizarlo para salir de la República;
4th. Authorize the the child to leave the Republic;
5to. Autorizarlo para estar en juicio;
5th. Authorize the child to be judged;
6to. Disponer de los bienes inmuebles y derechos o muebles registrables de los hijos cuya administración ejercen, con autorización judicial;
6th. Dispose of the child's real property and rights or registrable property administered with judicial authorization.
7mo. Ejercer actos de administración de los bienes de los hijos, salvo que uno de los padres delegue la administración conforme lo previsto en el artículo 294.
7th. Exercise the administration of the child's property except when one parent has delegated the administration in compliance with article 294.
En todos estos casos si uno de los padres no diere su consentimiento, o mediara imposibilidad para prestarlo, resolverá el juez lo que convenga al interés familiar.
In all these cases, if one of the parents does not give consent or it is impossible to give it, the judge shall resolve it in the best interests of the family. - ↑ * Código Civil de la República Argentina (707 pages, 1017k) — Argentina Civil Code
- ↑ ARTICULO 1°: En jurisdicción de la Provincia de Buenos Aires el Patronato de Menores es ejercido en forma concurrente y coordinada por los Jueces de Menores, Asesores de Incapaces y la Subsecretaría del Menor y la Familia.
ARTICLE 1: In the jurisdiction of the Province of Buenos Aires, the Protection of Minors is exercised concurrently and coordinated by the Judges of Minors, Assessors of Incapables and the Subsecretary of the Minor and the Family. - ↑ ARTICULO 2°: A los efectos del ejercicio coordinado del Patronato de Menores se entenderá que:
ARTICLE 2: In regard to the effects of the coordinated exercise of the Protection of Minors it is understood that:
a) El juez tiene competencia exclusiva para decidir sobre la situación del menor en estado de abandono o peligro moral o material, debiendo adoptar toda las medidas tutelares necesarias para dispensarle amparo.
a) The judge has exclusive jurisdiction to rule on the situation of the minor in a state of abandonment or moral or material danger and shall adopt all the guardianship measures necessary to provide protection.
b) El Asesor de Incapaces en su carácter de representante del menor y de la sociedad se halla investido de todas las atribuciones necesarias para controlar el efectivo cumplimiento de las normas destinadas a protegerlo.
b) The Assessor of Incapables, as the representative of the minor and society is invested with all the attributes to control the effective compliance with the norms to protect the minor.
c) La Subsecretaria es la encargada de planificar y ejecutar - por sí o a través de las Municipalidades - la política general de la minoridad, tanto en sus aspectos preventivos cuando en los relativos a la formación y reeducación de los menores internados en establecimientos de su dependencia o contralor, en ejecución de los mandatos de los Tribunales del fuero.
c) The Subsecretary is in charge of planning and executing – on its own or through the Municipalities – the general policies for minors, in both its preventive aspects and the raising and reeducation of the minors interned in establishments in its control, in the exercise of the mandates of the Tribunals. - ↑ ARTICULO 10°: Los Juzgados de Menores son competentes:
Article 10: The Judges of minors have jurisdiction:
a) Cuando aparecieren como autores copartícipes de un hecho calificado por la ley como delito, falta de contravención, menores de dieciocho años de edad.
a) When minors under the age of 18 years appear as co-participants in an act defined by the law as an offense.
b) Cuando la salud, seguridad, educación y moralidad de menores de edad se hallare comprendida por actos de inconducta, contravenciones, o delitos de sus padres, tutores, guardadores, o terceros; por infracción a las disposiciones legales referentes a la instrucción y al trabajo; cuando por razones de orfandad o cualquier otra causa, estuviesen material o moralmente abandonados, o corrieren peligro de estarlo, para brindar protección y amparo, procurar educación moral e intelectual al menor y para sancionar, en su aso, la inconducta de sus padres, tutores guardadores o terceros, conforme a las leyes que rigen en materia de minoridad y a las disposiciones de la presente.
b) When the health, security, education and morality of minors is compromised by acts of misconduct, contraventions or offenses of their parents, tutors, guardians or third parties; by infraction of the legal rules referencing instruction and work; when by being orphaned or any other cause, they are materially or morally abandoned or run the risk of being so, to provide protection and aid, procure moral and intellectual education for the minor and to sanction the misconduct of their parents, tutors, guardians or third parties, in conformance with the law.
c) Para disponer todas aquellas medidas que sean necesarias para otorgar certeza los atributos de la personalidad de los menores bajo su amparo, y lograr su mas completa asistencia. En tal sentido podrán ordenar, entre otros actos el discernimiento de la tutela, la concesión de la guarda, inscripción del nacimiento, rectificación de partidas, obtención de documentos de identidad, habilitación de edad, autorización para viajar dentro o fuera de país, ingresar a establecimientos educativos o religiosos, o ejercer determinada actividad.
d) En las causas referentes al ejercicio, suspensión ó pérdida de la patria potestad; adopción; y venia supletoria de los menores amparados por el Juzgado.
e) Cuando actos reiterados de inconducta de menores de edad obliguen a sus padres, tutores o guardadores, a recurrir a la autoridad para corregir, orientar y educar al menor.
f) En las contravenciones cometidas por adultos en perjuicio de menores, con auxilio o en compañía de éstos. - ↑ *Decreto Ley 10.067/83 - Patronato de Menores
